style: update formatting and alignment in dynamic array files

Reviewed-on: http://gitea.hideyoshi.com.br/HideyoshiNakazone/dynamic_array/pulls/3

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+
+IndentWidth: 4
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+
+ColumnLimit: 100
+
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: None
+
+PointerAlignment: Left
+
+SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
+
+SortIncludes: true
+
+IndentCaseLabels: true
+
+AlignEscapedNewlines: Right

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@ jobs:
           submodules: recursive
 
       - name: Cache and install APT packages
-        uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1
+        run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y cmake build-essential
-        with:
-          packages: cmake build-essential
 
       - name: Configure project
         run: make configure
@@ -34,8 +32,4 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Verify installation
         run: |
-          ls -la ${{ runner.temp }}/install/lib/
           ls -la ${{ runner.temp }}/install/include/
-
-
-

.gitignore

@@ -93,4 +93,7 @@ CMakeUserPresets.json
 
 # IDE
 .idea/
-.vscode/
+.vscode/
+
+# Build directories
+build/

README.md

@@ -9,21 +9,22 @@ A simple, educational C implementation of a dynamic array (vector-like) data str
 This library provides a basic dynamic array implementation in C, similar to C++'s `std::vector` or Python's lists. It demonstrates fundamental concepts in systems programming:
 
 - **Memory management** — allocation, reallocation, deallocation
-- **Generic programming** — using `void*` pointers  
+- **Generic programming** — type-agnostic macros that work with any pointer type
-- **Type-safe macros** — for type casting and operations
 - **Unit testing** — with the Unity C testing framework
+
 ## ✨ Features
 
-- **Dynamic resizing** — Automatically grows as elements are added
+- **Header-only** — just include `dynamic_array.h`, no compilation step needed
-- **Type-safe operations** — Macros for working with typed elements
+- **Dynamic resizing** — automatically grows as elements are added
-- **Simple API** — Easy-to-use functions for common operations
+- **Type-safe** — macros operate on typed pointers; direct indexing is fully typed
+- **Simple API** — a small set of macros for common operations
+
 ## 📁 Project Structure
 
 ```
-test-meson/
+dynamic_array/
 ├── src/
-│   ├── dynamic_array.c       # Implementation
+│   ├── dynamic_array.h       # Header-only implementation (public API)
-│   ├── dynamic_array.h       # Public API header
 │   ├── test_dynamic_array.c  # Unit tests
 │   └── CMakeLists.txt        # Build configuration
 ├── submodules/
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ test-meson/
 ├── Makefile                  # Build automation
 └── README.md                 # This file
 ```
+
 ## 🔧 Prerequisites
 
 **Linux-only project**
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ test-meson/
 - **C compiler** (GCC recommended, Clang supported)
 - **Make** (optional, but recommended)
 - **build-essential** (on Ubuntu/Debian): `sudo apt-get install build-essential`
+
 ## 🔨 Building
 
 ### Using the Makefile (Recommended)
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ ctest --output-on-failure
 cmake --install .
 cd .. && rm -rf build
 ```
+
 ## 💡 Usage
 
 ### Including the Library
@@ -70,72 +74,70 @@ cd .. && rm -rf build
 ```c
 #include "dynamic_array.h"
 
-// Create an array of integers
+// Create a typed array (works with any pointer type)
-ArrayCreateOptions opts = {
+int *arr = NULL;
-    .initial_size = 10,
+array_create(arr);
-    .element_size = sizeof(int)
-};
-Array *my_array = array_create(&opts);
 
 // Add elements
-int value = 42;
+array_push_value(arr, 10);
-array_set_value(my_array, 0, &value);
+array_push_value(arr, 20);
+array_push_value(arr, 30);
 
-// Retrieve elements
+// Access elements directly via indexing
-int *retrieved = (int*)array_get_value(my_array, 0);
+int first = arr[0]; // 10
 
-// Using type-safe macros
+// Remove the last element
-int result = array_set_value_as(int, my_array, 1, 100);
+array_pop(arr);
 
-// Get size and capacity
+// Inspect size and capacity via the header
-size_t size = array_get_size(my_array);
+const ArrayHeader *header = array_get_header(arr);
-size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(my_array);
+size_t size     = header->size;     // current number of elements
+size_t capacity = header->capacity; // allocated capacity
 
 // Cleanup
-array_deconstructor(&my_array);
+array_destroy(arr); // frees memory and sets arr to NULL
 ```
+
 ## 📖 API Reference
 
 ### Structures
 
-#### `Array`
+#### `ArrayHeader`
+
+Stored immediately before the array data in memory. Retrieve it with `array_get_header`.
 
 ```c
 typedef struct {
-    void *value;           // Pointer to element data
+    size_t size;      // Current number of elements
-    size_t element_size;   // Size of each element
+    size_t capacity;  // Allocated capacity
-    size_t size;           // Current number of elements
+} ArrayHeader;
-    size_t capacity;       // Allocated capacity
-} Array;
 ```
 
-#### `ArrayCreateOptions`
+Memory layout:
 
-```c
-typedef struct {
-    int initial_size;      // Initial capacity
-    size_t element_size;   // Size of each element type
-} ArrayCreateOptions;
 ```
-
+[ ArrayHeader | elem 0 | elem 1 | ... ]
-### Functions
+               ↑
-
+               pointer returned by array_create (and all macros)
-| Function | Description |
+```
-|----------|-------------|
-| `Array *array_create(const ArrayCreateOptions *options)` | Creates a new dynamic array |
-| `void array_deconstructor(Array **pp_array)` | Frees allocated memory and sets pointer to NULL |
-| `void array_resize(Array *p_array, size_t new_size)` | Resizes the array's capacity |
-| `void *array_get_value(const Array *p_array, size_t index)` | Retrieves a pointer to the element at index |
-| `void array_set_value(Array *p_array, size_t index, const void *value)` | Sets the element at index |
-| `size_t array_get_size(const Array *p_array)` | Returns the current number of elements |
-| `size_t array_get_capacity(const Array *p_array)` | Returns the allocated capacity |
 
 ### Macros
 
 | Macro | Description |
 |-------|-------------|
-| `array_get_value_as(type, arr, idx)` | Type-safe retrieval of elements |
+| `array_create(arr)` | Allocates a new array; sets `arr` to point to the first element |
-| `array_set_value_as(type, arr, idx, value)` | Type-safe setting of elements (with type checking) |
+| `array_destroy(arr)` | Frees the array and sets `arr` to `NULL` |
+| `array_get_header(arr)` | Returns a pointer to the `ArrayHeader` for `arr` |
+| `array_push_value(arr, value)` | Appends `value`; grows the array automatically if needed |
+| `array_pop(arr)` | Removes the last element by decrementing `size` |
+
+### Constants
+
+| Constant | Default | Description |
+|----------|---------|-------------|
+| `DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE` | `10` | Initial capacity allocated by `array_create` |
+| `DYNAMIC_ARRAY_CAPACITY_FACTOR` | `2` | Growth multiplier applied on resize |
+
 ## ✅ Testing
 
 Tests are written using the [Unity](http://www.throwtheswitch.org/unity) C testing framework.
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@ Or directly with ctest:
 ```bash
 cd build && ctest --output-on-failure
 ```
+
 ## 📦 Installation
 
 ### Default Installation
@@ -158,7 +161,6 @@ make install
 ```
 
 This installs to `~/.local/bin/dynamic_array/`:
-- **Library:** `lib/libdynamic_array.a`
 - **Header:** `include/dynamic_array.h`
 
 ### Custom Installation Directory
@@ -173,20 +175,26 @@ Or set it as an environment variable:
 export INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/.local
 make install
 ```
+
 ## ⚠️ Known Issues & Limitations
 
-- ⚠️ No bounds checking in release builds
+- ⚠️ No bounds checking
+- ⚠️ `array_pop` does not return the removed element (use `arr[header->size - 1]` before popping)
 - ⚠️ Simple reallocation strategy (not optimized for performance)
 - ⚠️ Not thread-safe
-- ⚠️ Limited error handling
+- ⚠️ `realloc` failure is not propagated to the caller
 - ⚠️ Educational purpose only — use established libraries for production
+
 ## 🚀 Future Improvements
 
+- [ ] Return value from `array_pop`
+- [ ] Propagate allocation failures
 - [ ] Add more comprehensive error handling
-- [ ] Implement shrinking functionality
+- [ ] Implement shrinking / `array_reserve`
 - [ ] Add iterator support
 - [ ] Optimize memory allocation strategy
 - [ ] Add more test coverage
+
 ## 📄 License
 
 This project is for educational purposes.

src/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+include(GNUInstallDirs)
+
+
 # Library Configuration
-add_library(dynamic_array
+add_library(dynamic_array INTERFACE)
-        dynamic_array.c
-        dynamic_array.h)
 target_include_directories(dynamic_array INTERFACE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 set_target_properties(dynamic_array PROPERTIES PUBLIC_HEADER dynamic_array.h)
 
@@ -20,5 +21,4 @@ install(TARGETS dynamic_array
 add_executable(test_dynamic_array test_dynamic_array.c)
 target_link_libraries(test_dynamic_array PRIVATE dynamic_array unity::framework)
 
-
 add_test(NAME test_dynamic_array COMMAND test_dynamic_array)

src/dynamic_array.c

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "dynamic_array.h"
-
-
-Array *array_create(const ArrayCreateOptions *options) {
-    const ArrayCreateOptions opt = options != NULL ? *options : DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_CREATE_OPTIONS;
-    Array *array = malloc(sizeof(Array));
-
-    array->capacity = opt.initial_size;
-    array->value = calloc(array->capacity, opt.element_size);
-    array->size = 0;
-    array->element_size = opt.element_size;
-
-    return array;
-}
-
-void array_deconstructor(Array **pp_array) {
-    if (*pp_array == NULL) return;
-
-    free((*pp_array)->value);
-    free(*pp_array);
-    *pp_array = NULL;
-}
-
-void array_resize(Array *p_array, const size_t new_size) {
-    int *new_ptr = realloc(p_array->value, new_size*p_array->element_size);
-    if (new_ptr == NULL) {
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    if (new_size > p_array->capacity) {
-        memset(new_ptr + p_array->capacity, 0, (new_size - p_array->capacity) * p_array->element_size);
-    }
-
-    p_array->value = new_ptr;
-    p_array->capacity = new_size;
-}
-
-void *array_get_value(const Array *p_array, const size_t index) {
-    if (index > p_array->capacity) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return p_array->value + index * p_array->element_size;
-}
-
-void array_set_value(Array *p_array, const size_t index, const void *value) {
-    if ((index + 1) > p_array->capacity) {
-        size_t new_size = p_array->capacity;
-        while (index >= new_size) {
-            new_size *= 2;
-        }
-        array_resize(p_array, new_size);
-    }
-    memcpy(
-    array_get_value(p_array, index), value, p_array->element_size
-    );
-    if (index >= p_array->size) {
-        p_array->size = index + 1;
-    }
-}
-
-size_t array_get_size(const Array *p_array) {
-    return p_array->size;
-}
-
-size_t array_get_capacity(const Array *p_array) {
-    return p_array->capacity;
-}

src/dynamic_array.h

@@ -1,65 +1,86 @@
 #ifndef DYNAMIC_ARRAY_H
 #define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_H
 
-#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MAJOR    0
+#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MAJOR 0
-#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MINOR    1
+#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MINOR 1
-#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_BUILD    0
+#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_BUILD 0
-#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION          ((DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MAJOR << 16) | (DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MINOR << 8) | DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_BUILD)
+#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION                                                                      \
+    ((DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MAJOR << 16) | (DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_MINOR << 8) |                    \
+     DYNAMIC_ARRAY_VERSION_BUILD)
 
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
 #define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE 10
+#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_CAPACITY_FACTOR 2
 
-
+// [ HEADER | ARRAY ELEMENTS ]
+//          ↑
+// THIS IS THE POINTER RETURNED BY ALL MACROS
 typedef struct {
-    void *value;
-    size_t element_size;
-
     size_t size;
     size_t capacity;
-} Array;
+} ArrayHeader;
 
+#define array_create(arr)                                                                          \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        ArrayHeader* header =                                                                      \
+            malloc(sizeof(*(arr)) * DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE + sizeof(ArrayHeader));       \
+        if (header == NULL) {                                                                      \
+            abort();                                                                               \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        header->size = 0;                                                                          \
+        header->capacity = DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE;                                       \
+                                                                                                   \
+        (arr) = (void*)(header + 1);                                                               \
+    } while (0)
 
-typedef struct {
+#define array_get_header(arr) ((arr) ? ((ArrayHeader*)(arr) - 1) : NULL)
-    int initial_size;
-    size_t element_size;
-} ArrayCreateOptions;
 
+#define array_destroy(arr)                                                                         \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((arr) == NULL) {                                                                       \
+            break;                                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        free(array_get_header(arr));                                                               \
+        (arr) = NULL;                                                                              \
+    } while (0)
 
-#define DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_CREATE_OPTIONS \
+#define array_push_value(arr, value)                                                               \
-    (ArrayCreateOptions){ DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, sizeof(int) }
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((arr) == NULL) {                                                                       \
+            array_create(arr);                                                                     \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);                                               \
+        if (header->size >= header->capacity) {                                                    \
+            size_t new_capacity = header->capacity * DYNAMIC_ARRAY_CAPACITY_FACTOR;                \
+            ArrayHeader* new_header =                                                              \
+                realloc(header, sizeof(*(arr)) * new_capacity + sizeof(ArrayHeader));              \
+            if (new_header == NULL) {                                                              \
+                abort();                                                                           \
+            }                                                                                      \
+            header = new_header;                                                                   \
+            header->capacity = new_capacity;                                                       \
+            (arr) = (void*)(header + 1);                                                           \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        (arr)[header->size] = (value);                                                             \
+        header->size++;                                                                            \
+    } while (0)
 
-Array *array_create(const ArrayCreateOptions *options);
+#define array_pop(arr)                                                                             \
+    do {                                                                                           \
+        if ((arr) == NULL) {                                                                       \
+            break;                                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);                                               \
+        if (header->size == 0) {                                                                   \
+            break;                                                                                 \
+        }                                                                                          \
+        header->size--;                                                                            \
+    } while (0)
 
+#define array_size(arr) ((arr) ? array_get_header(arr)->size : 0)
 
-void array_deconstructor(Array **pp_array);
+#define array_capacity(arr) ((arr) ? array_get_header(arr)->capacity : 0)
-
-
-void array_resize(Array *p_array, size_t new_size);
-
-
-void *array_get_value(const Array *p_array, size_t index);
-
-
-void array_set_value(Array *p_array, size_t index, const void *value);
-
-
-size_t array_get_size(const Array *p_array);
-
-
-size_t array_get_capacity(const Array *p_array);
-
-
-
-#define array_get_value_as(type, arr, idx) \
-    (sizeof(type) == (arr)->element_size) ? \
-        (type*)array_get_value(arr, idx) : \
-        NULL
-
-#define array_set_value_as(type, arr, idx, value) \
-    ((sizeof(type) == (arr)->element_size) ? \
-    (array_set_value((arr), (idx), (value)), 0) : \
-    -1)
-
 
 #endif

src/test_dynamic_array.c

@@ -2,394 +2,254 @@
 
 #include "dynamic_array.h"
 
-
+void setUp(void) {
-void setUp() {
 }
 
-void tearDown() {
+void tearDown(void) {
 }
 
-
 void test_array_create_without_options(void) {
-    const Array *array = array_create(NULL);
+    int* arr = NULL;
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, array->capacity);
+    array_create(arr);
+
+    const ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, header->capacity);
+
+    array_destroy(arr);
 }
 
-
+void test_array_destroy(void) {
-void test_array_create_with_options(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
-    const int EXPECTED_CAPACITY = 20;
+    array_create(arr);
-
+    array_destroy(arr);
-    const Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
+    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(arr);
-        .initial_size = EXPECTED_CAPACITY
-    });
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EXPECTED_CAPACITY, array->capacity);
 }
 
+void test_array_size_initial(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_deconstruct(void) {
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, array_get_header(arr)->size);
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
+
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(array);
 }
 
+void test_array_push_value(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_resize_expand(void) {
+    array_push_value(arr, 42);
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-    const size_t ORIGINAL_CAPACITY = array->capacity;
-    const int NEW_CAPACITY = 30;
 
-    array_resize(array, NEW_CAPACITY);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(42, arr[0]);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, array_get_header(arr)->size);
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(NEW_CAPACITY, array->capacity);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-    TEST_ASSERT_GREATER_THAN(ORIGINAL_CAPACITY, array->capacity);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
 }
 
+void test_array_push_multiple_values(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_resize_shrink(void) {
+    array_push_value(arr, 10);
-    Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){.initial_size = 50, .element_size = sizeof(int)});
+    array_push_value(arr, 20);
-    const int NEW_CAPACITY = 20;
+    array_push_value(arr, 30);
 
-    array_resize(array, NEW_CAPACITY);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(10, arr[0]);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(20, arr[1]);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(30, arr[2]);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, array_get_header(arr)->size);
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(NEW_CAPACITY, array->capacity);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
 }
 
+void test_array_pop_decrements_size(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_set_value_within_capacity(void) {
+    array_push_value(arr, 42);
-    Array *p_array = array_create(NULL);
+    array_push_value(arr, 99);
-    const int INDEX = 5;
+    array_pop(arr);
-    const int EXPECTED_VALUE = 42;
 
-    array_set_value(p_array, INDEX, &EXPECTED_VALUE);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, array_get_header(arr)->size);
 
-    const int VALUE = *(int*)array_get_value(p_array, INDEX);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EXPECTED_VALUE, VALUE);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&p_array);
 }
 
+void test_array_pop_on_empty_is_noop(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_set_value_beyond_capacity(void) {
+    array_push_value(arr, 99);
-    Array *p_array = array_create(NULL);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, array_get_header(arr)->size);
-    const int INDEX = 50;
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(99, arr[0]);
-    const int EXPECTED_VALUE = 99;
-    const size_t ORIGINAL_CAPACITY = p_array->capacity;
 
-    array_set_value(p_array, INDEX, &EXPECTED_VALUE);
+    array_pop(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, array_get_header(arr)->size);
 
-    const int VALUE = *(int*)array_get_value(p_array, INDEX);
+    array_pop(arr); // should not underflow
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, array_get_header(arr)->size);
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_GREATER_THAN(ORIGINAL_CAPACITY, p_array->capacity);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EXPECTED_VALUE, VALUE);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&p_array);
 }
 
-
-void test_array_get_value_valid_index(void) {
-    Array *p_array = array_create(NULL);
-    const int INDEX = 3;
-    const int EXPECTED_VALUE = 77;
-
-    array_set_value(p_array, INDEX, &EXPECTED_VALUE);
-    const int *result = array_get_value(p_array, INDEX);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(result);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EXPECTED_VALUE, *result);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&p_array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_value_zero_index(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-    const int VALUE = 100;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    const int *result = array_get_value(array, 0);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(result);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *result);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_value_beyond_capacity(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-
-    const int *result = array_get_value(array, array->capacity + 1);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(result);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_multiple_operations(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){.initial_size = 5, .element_size = sizeof(int)});
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *(int *)array_get_value(array, 0));
-
-    array_set_value(array, 1, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *(int *)array_get_value(array, 1));
-
-    array_set_value(array, 2, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *(int *)array_get_value(array, 2));
-
-    array_set_value(array, 10, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *(int *)array_get_value(array, 10));
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
 void test_array_get_capacity_default(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-    const size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(array);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, array_get_header(arr)->capacity);
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, capacity);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
 }
 
+void test_array_size_capacity_relationship(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_get_capacity_custom_size(void) {
+    array_push_value(arr, 1);
-    const int EXPECTED_CAPACITY = 25;
+    array_push_value(arr, 2);
-    Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){.initial_size = EXPECTED_CAPACITY});
+    array_push_value(arr, 3);
 
-    const size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(array);
+    const ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, header->size);
+    TEST_ASSERT_LESS_OR_EQUAL(header->capacity, header->size);
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EXPECTED_CAPACITY, capacity);
+    array_destroy(arr);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
 }
 
+void test_array_push_beyond_capacity(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-void test_array_get_capacity_after_resize(void) {
+    const int num_elements = DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE * 2;
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_elements; i++) {
-    const size_t ORIGINAL_CAPACITY = array_get_capacity(array);
+        array_push_value(arr, i);
-    const size_t NEW_CAPACITY = 50;
-
-    array_resize(array, NEW_CAPACITY);
-    const size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(NEW_CAPACITY, capacity);
-    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_EQUAL(ORIGINAL_CAPACITY, capacity);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_initial(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, size);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_after_single_set(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, size);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_after_multiple_sets(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 1, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 2, &VALUE);
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, size);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_with_gap_in_indices(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(NULL);
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 5, &VALUE);
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(6, size);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_capacity_relationship(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){.initial_size = 10});
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array, 0, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 1, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 2, &VALUE);
-
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-    const size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_LESS_OR_EQUAL(capacity, size);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(3, size);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(10, capacity);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_size_after_resize_beyond_capacity(void) {
-    Array *array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){.initial_size = 5, .element_size = sizeof(int)});
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(array,  0, &VALUE);
-    array_set_value(array, 15, &VALUE);
-    const size_t size = array_get_size(array);
-    const size_t capacity = array_get_capacity(array);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(16, size);
-    TEST_ASSERT_LESS_OR_EQUAL(capacity, size);
-
-    array_deconstructor(&array);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_value_as(void) {
-    Array *p_array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
-        .initial_size = 5,
-        .element_size = sizeof(int)
-    });
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(p_array, 0, &VALUE);
-
-    const int *value = array_get_value_as(int, p_array, 0);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(VALUE, *value);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_get_value_as_invalid_type(void) {
-    Array *p_array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
-        .initial_size = 5,
-        .element_size = sizeof(int)
-    });
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    array_set_value(p_array, 0, &VALUE);
-
-    const void *value = array_get_value_as(double, p_array, 0);
-
-    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(value);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_set_value_as(void) {
-    Array *p_array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
-        .initial_size = 5,
-        .element_size = sizeof(double)
-    });
-
-    const double VALUE = 42;
-
-    const int result = array_set_value_as(double, p_array, 0, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(result, 0);
-}
-
-
-void test_array_set_value_as_invalid_type(void) {
-    Array *p_array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
-        .initial_size = 5,
-        .element_size = sizeof(double)
-    });
-
-    const int VALUE = 42;
-
-    const int result = array_set_value_as(double, p_array, 0, &VALUE);
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(result, 0);
-}
-
-
-void test_adding_elements(void) {
-    typedef struct {
-        int value;
-    } Element;
-
-    Array *p_array = array_create(&(ArrayCreateOptions){
-        .initial_size = 10,
-        .element_size = sizeof(Element)
-    });
-
-    const int number_of_elements = 1000;
-
-    for (int index = 0; index < number_of_elements; index++) {
-        Element element = { index };
-        const int result = array_set_value_as(Element, p_array, index, &element);
-        TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(result, 0);
     }
 
-    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(array_get_size(p_array), number_of_elements);
+    const ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(num_elements, header->size);
+    TEST_ASSERT_GREATER_THAN(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, header->capacity);
+
+    array_destroy(arr);
 }
 
+void test_array_values_correct_after_growth(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
 
-int main(void)
+    const int num_elements = 1000;
-{
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_elements; i++) {
+        array_push_value(arr, i);
+    }
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(num_elements, array_get_header(arr)->size);
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_elements; i++) {
+        TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(i, arr[i]);
+    }
+
+    array_destroy(arr);
+}
+
+void test_array_looping(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
+
+    const int num_elements = DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE * 2;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_elements; i++) {
+        array_push_value(arr, i);
+    }
+
+    const ArrayHeader* header = array_get_header(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(num_elements, header->size);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < header->size; i++) {
+        TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(i, arr[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+/* --- array_get_header branch: NULL arr → returns NULL --- */
+void test_array_get_header_on_null_returns_null(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(array_get_header(arr));
+}
+
+/* --- array_destroy branch: NULL arr → no-op, does not crash --- */
+void test_array_destroy_on_null_is_noop(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_destroy(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(arr);
+}
+
+/* --- array_push_value branch: NULL arr → auto-creates the array --- */
+void test_array_push_value_on_null_auto_creates(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_push_value(arr, 7);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(7, arr[0]);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(1, array_get_header(arr)->size);
+    array_destroy(arr);
+}
+
+/* --- array_pop branch: NULL arr → no-op, does not crash --- */
+void test_array_pop_on_null_is_noop(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_pop(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_NULL(arr);
+}
+
+/* --- array_size branch: NULL arr → 0 --- */
+void test_array_size_on_null_returns_zero(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, array_size(arr));
+}
+
+/* --- array_size branch: non-NULL arr → current size --- */
+void test_array_size_returns_current_size(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
+    array_push_value(arr, 1);
+    array_push_value(arr, 2);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(2, array_size(arr));
+    array_destroy(arr);
+}
+
+/* --- array_capacity branch: NULL arr → 0 --- */
+void test_array_capacity_on_null_returns_zero(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, array_capacity(arr));
+}
+
+/* --- array_capacity branch: non-NULL arr → current capacity --- */
+void test_array_capacity_returns_current_capacity(void) {
+    int* arr = NULL;
+    array_create(arr);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(DYNAMIC_ARRAY_DEFAULT_ARRAY_SIZE, array_capacity(arr));
+    array_destroy(arr);
+}
+
+int main(void) {
     UNITY_BEGIN();
 
     RUN_TEST(test_array_create_without_options);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_create_with_options);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_destroy);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_deconstruct);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_size_initial);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_resize_expand);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_push_value);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_resize_shrink);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_push_multiple_values);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_set_value_within_capacity);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_pop_decrements_size);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_set_value_beyond_capacity);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_pop_on_empty_is_noop);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_value_valid_index);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_value_zero_index);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_value_beyond_capacity);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_multiple_operations);
     RUN_TEST(test_array_get_capacity_default);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_capacity_custom_size);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_size_capacity_relationship);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_capacity_after_resize);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_push_beyond_capacity);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_initial);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_values_correct_after_growth);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_after_single_set);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_looping);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_after_multiple_sets);
+
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_with_gap_in_indices);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_header_on_null_returns_null);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_capacity_relationship);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_destroy_on_null_is_noop);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_size_after_resize_beyond_capacity);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_push_value_on_null_auto_creates);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_value_as);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_pop_on_null_is_noop);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_get_value_as_invalid_type);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_size_on_null_returns_zero);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_set_value_as);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_size_returns_current_size);
-    RUN_TEST(test_array_set_value_as_invalid_type);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_capacity_on_null_returns_zero);
-    RUN_TEST(test_adding_elements);
+    RUN_TEST(test_array_capacity_returns_current_capacity);
 
     return UNITY_END();
 }